Article 21 - Right to Life and Personal Liberty
Fundamental right to life with dignity and personal freedom
Constitutional Text
"No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law."
Scope of Right to Life
Right to Live with Dignity: Life includes the right to live with human dignity and basic necessities.
Right to Health: Access to healthcare and medical treatment as part of right to life.
Right to Clean Environment: Living in a pollution-free environment essential for life.
Personal Liberty for Women
Reproductive Rights: Freedom to make decisions about reproduction and family planning.
Freedom of Movement: Right to move freely and choose residence without restrictions.
Privacy Rights: Protection of personal privacy and autonomy in personal matters.
Safety and Security: Right to live free from violence, harassment, and threats.
Judicial Interpretation
The Supreme Court has expanded Article 21 to include various rights essential for meaningful life, including the right to education, healthcare, clean environment, and protection from sexual harassment.
Protection Mechanisms
Due Process: Any deprivation of life or liberty must follow established legal procedures.
Legal Remedies: Access to courts for protection of life and liberty rights.
State Obligation: Government duty to protect and promote conditions for dignified life.
Women-Specific Applications
Domestic Violence: Protection from domestic abuse as part of right to life and liberty.
Workplace Safety: Safe working conditions and protection from sexual harassment.
Maternal Health: Access to maternal healthcare and safe childbirth facilities.